Large Test

GENERAL SCIENCE Semester (™d$TdŸ¼sY) - 1 CLASS VI 6 Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh GENERAL SCIENCE kÍeÖq« Xæg+ Textbook of Semester (™d$TdŸ¼sY) - 1 Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh

SCIENCE SCIENCE SCIENCE SCIENCE SCIENCE TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS VI State Council of Educational Research & Training Andhra Pradesh Semester - 1

SCIENCE Class - VI Semester - 1 Published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati. Text Book Development Committee Programme Co-ordinator Dr. G. Kesava Reddy, MSc, MSc, MEd, MPhil, PhD Prof. C&T, SCERT, AP Subject Co-ordinators Smt. T. L. Sailaja Faculty, SCERT, AP Smt. G. Sudha Lakshmi Faculty, SCERT, AP Smt. S. Bhanumathi Faculty, SCERT, AP Technical Co-ordinator Dr. Ch.V.S. Ramesh Kumar Faculty, SCERT-AP Smt. G. K. Padmaja Faculty, SCERT, AP Sri. S. Suresh Kumar IAS Commissioner of School Education , AP Sri Praveen Prakash IAS Principal Secretary to Government Department of School Education, AP Sri. B. Srinivasa Rao IAS State Project Director, Samagra Shiksha, AP Sri. K. Ravindranath Reddy MA., B.Ed. Director, Government Textbook Press, AP Dr. B. Pratap Reddy MA., B.Ed., Ph.D. Director, SCERT, AP

FOREWORD FOREWORD FOREWORD FOREWORD FOREWORD The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986). The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge. These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the Textbook Development Committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in Science and Mathematics, Professor J.V. Narlikar and the Chief Advisor for this book, Dr. N. Rathnasree for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement. Director New Delhi National Council of Educational December 2005 Research and Training

RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to reduce content load on students. The National Education Policy 2020, also emphasises reducing the content load and providing opportunities for experiential learning with creative mindset. In this background, the NCERT has undertaken the exercise to rationalise the textbooks across all classes. Learning Outcomes already developed by the NCERT across classes have been taken into consideration in this exercise. Contents of the textbooks have been rationalised in view of the following: • Overlapping with similar content included in other subject areas in the same class • Similar content included in the lower or higher class in the same subject • Difficulty level • Content, which is easily accessible to students without much interventions from teachers and can be learned by children through self-learning or peer-learning • Content, which is irrelevant in the present context This present edition, is a reformatted version after carrying out the changes given above.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) acknowledges the valuable contribution of the individuals and organisations involved in the development of Science Textbook for Class VI. The Council acknowledges the valuable contribution of the following academics for reviewing and refining the manuscripts of this book: Sushma Kiran Setia, Principal, Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya, Hari Nagar (Clock Tower), New Delhi; Mohini Bindra, Principal, Ramjas School, Pusa Road, New Delhi; D. K. Bedi, Principal, Apeejay Senior Secondary School, Pitampura, Road No. 42, Sainik Vihar, New Delhi; Chand Vir Singh, Lecturer (Biology), GBSS School, Rajouri Garden (Main), New Delhi; Neelam Monga, TGT (Science), Kendriya Vidyalaya, Janakpuri, New Delhi; Renuka Madan, TGT (Physics), Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute, Subroto Park, Delhi Cantt; P.K. Bhattacharya, Professor (Retd) Consultant, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi and Shukhvir Singh, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi. The Council gratefully acknowledges the valuable contribution of the following academics for the editing and finalisation of this book: Vinod Raina, Member National Monitoring Committee, Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti, Basement of YWA Building, Hostel No. 2, G. Block, Saket, New Delhi; Professor Amitabha Mukherjee, Director, Centre for Science Education and Communication (CSEC), 10 Cavalry Lane, University of Delhi, Delhi; Savithri Singh, Principal, AND College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, New Delhi; M. M. Kapoor, Professor, CSEC, 10 Cavalry Lane, University of Delhi, Delhi; R. M. Hallen, CSEC, 10 Cavalry Lane, University of Delhi, Delhi; D. A. Misra, Principal (Retd), (As Nominee of CSEC) Directorate of Education, B 203, Saraswati Vihar, New Delhi; Charu Varma, Lecturer, (As Nominee of CSEC), DIET, FU Block, Pitampura, Delhi. The contributions of Ruchi Verma, Associate Professor, Pushplata Verma, Pramila Tanwar and Ashish K. Srivastava, Assistant Professors, are acknowledged for being a part of the review of this textbook. The Council gratefully acknowledges the valuable feedback and suggestions received from Professor Arvind Kumar, Director, Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE), TIFR, V. N. Purve Marg, Mankhurd, Mumbai and the academics at HBCSE and CSEC at various stages of development of the manuscript of this textbook. The dynamic leadership of Professor M. Chandra, Head, DESM, for providing guidance in final editing of the manuscript and extending infrastructure facilities is highly acknowledged. Special thanks are due to Shveta Uppal, Chief Editor; and Vandana Singh, Consultant Editor for going through the manuscript and suggesting relevant changes. The Council also acknowledges the efforts of Deepak Kapoor, Computer Station Incharge, Muhammad Aiyub Raza Misbahi, DTP Operator; Rajesh Kumar ‘Manjhi’, Copy Editor; Satish Kumar Mishra and Seema Yadav, Proofreaders. The contribution of APC-office, administration of DESM, Publication Department and Secretariat of NCERT is also acknowledged. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA Fundamental Duties Fundamental Duties – It shall be the duty of every citizen of India — (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures; (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; (k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years. Part IV A (Article 51 A)

CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS C H A P T E R 1 COMPONENTS OF FOOD 2 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T C H A P T E R 2 SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS 22 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ C H A P T E R 3 SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES 40 |ü∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ C H A P T E R 5 BODY MOVEMENTS 90 X¯Øs¡ ø£

3 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T 1 |ü{Ϻø£ 1.1 $$

5 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T án+XÊ\H˚ b˛wüø±\T n+{≤s¡T. eTq ÄVü‰s¡+˝À ñ+&˚ Á|ü

7 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T á |üØø£åqT Ç‘·s¡ ÄVü‰s¡ |ü

9 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T (m) (_) #Ós¡≈£î ∫\>∑&É√±fi¯∑ u≤∑T&ÉT¢ ø=e⁄«\ ø√dü+ |üØø£å ø=~› |ü]e÷D+˝À ˇø£ ÄVü‰s¡ |ü± #˚dæ ∑‘·Ô>± >∑eTì+#·+&ç. ø±–‘·+ô|’ q÷HÓ eTs¡ø£ ñ+∑\T>∑T‘·THêïsê? ø±–‘·+ ô|’q ñqï q÷HÓ eTs¡ø£ ÄVü‰s¡+˝À ø=e⁄« ñ+

11 11 11 11 11 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T e÷+dü+ >∑T&ÉT¢ #˚|ü\T ãsƒêì X¯q>∑\T ô|dü\T ø£+~|ü|ü ∫≈£îÿ&ÉT k˛j·÷∫≈£îÿ&ÉT (m) (_) |ü˙sY |ü≥+ 1.6 $≥$THé A eqs¡T\T ø±˝Òj·T+ C≤eT ìeTà ñdæ] |ü≥+ 1.7 $≥$THé B eqs¡T\T |ü≥+ 1.8 $≥$THé C eqs¡T\T |ü≥+ 1.9 $≥$THé D eqs¡T\T {§e÷{À ø£eT˝≤ u§bÕŒsTT ø±´¬s{Ÿ e÷$T&ç >√∑T&ÉT¢ ø±˝Òj·T+ Áb˛{°qT¢ ø£*– ñqï ÄVü‰s¡|ü± e⁄+&ç, y˚πs«s¡T ù|s¡¢‘√ |æ\e ã&É‘êsTT. M{Ï˝À ø=ìï $≥$THé A, $≥$THé C, $≥$THé D, $≥$THé E, $≥$THé K. $≥$THé- B ø±+ô|¢ø˘‡ nH˚ $≥$Tq¢ düeT÷Vü≤+ ≈£L&Ü ñ+~. eTq X¯ØsêìøÏ nìï s¡ø±\ $≥$TqT¢ ø=~› |ü]e÷D+˝À nedüs¡+. $≥$THé A |ü≥+ 1.5 Áb˛{°qT¢ \_Û+#˚ eqs¡T\T : (n) yÓTTø£ÿ\ qT+∫ \_Û+#˚$ (Ä) »+‘·Te⁄\ qT+∫ \_Û+#˚$ eTq #·s¡à+, ø£fi¯flqT Äs√>∑´+>± ñ+#·T‘·T+~. $≥$THé C X¯Øs¡+ nH˚ø£ yê´

13 13 13 13 13 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T Äs√>∑´ ìs¡«Vü≤D≈£î Á|ür ˇø£ÿ Kì» \eD+ nedüs¡y˚T. |ü≥+ 1.10 ˝À $$

15 15 15 15 15 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T ˙s¡T eTq X¯ØsêìøÏ ÄVü‰s¡+ qT+&ç b˛wüø±\qT Á>∑Væ≤+#·&É+˝À düVü‰j·T|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. Ç~ X¯Øs¡+˝Àì ø=ìï e´sê∆\qT eT÷Á‘·+, #ÓeT≥ s¡÷|ü+˝À ãj·T≥≈£î |ü+|ü&É+˝À ≈£L&Ü düVü‰j·T|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. kÕ± eTq X¯ØsêìøÏ nedüs¡yÓTÆq ˙{Ïì eTq+ ‘êπ> Á± ˙s¡T, bÕ\T, {° e+{Ï yê{Ï qT+&ç bı+±j·T\T ˝Ò

17 17 17 17 17 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T $≥$Tq¢qT ø√˝ÀŒ‘êsTT. nH˚ø£ ≈£Ls¡>±j·T\T, |ü+&É¢ jÓTTø£ÿ ‘=ø£ÿ\T $≥$TqT¢, Kì»\eD≤\qT ø£*–ñ+{≤sTT. n

19 19 19 19 19 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T Á|ü•ï+#·T≈£î+

21 21 21 21 21 ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì n+XÊ\T 1. eTq ÄVü‰s¡+˝Àì Á|ü∑T∑´+>± ñ+#·Tø√e&ÜìøÏ nedüs¡yÓTÆq Kì» \eD+. 3. á b˛wüø£+ n~Ûø£+>± ñ+&˚ ¬s+&˚dæ ÄVü‰s¡ |ü

23 23 23 23 23 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ 2 2.1 eTq #·T≥÷º ñ+&˚ edüTÔe⁄\T eTq ÄVü‰s¡+, ∑T+Á&Éì Äø±s¡+˝À ñqï edüTÔe⁄\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. á edüTÔe⁄\ C≤_‘ê˝À s¡ã“s¡Tã+‹, |òü⁄{Ÿu≤˝Ÿ, >±E>√∞ ñ+&ç ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. ± ñ+&˚ edüTÔe⁄\qT ≈£L&Ü Ç+

25 25 25 25 25 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ eTq+ ¬s+&ÉT düeT÷Vü‰\T>± $uÛÑõ+#·e#·TÃ. ˇø£ düeT÷Vü≤+˝À ø±–‘·+ ˝Ò±, eTs=ø£ düeT÷Vü≤+˝À á |ü

27 27 27 27 27 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ eTq+ $$±E, bÕ¢dæºø˘, ˝ÀVü≤+ ˝Ò∑*–q≥Te+{Ï |ü e+≥ bÕÁ‘·\ ø√dü+ ø±–‘·+ e+{Ï |ü

29 29 29 29 29 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ n˝≤+{Ï ±s¡+ ˝ÀVü‰\≈£î ñ±*, ‘˚eT\ #·s¡´ e\¢ ‘·eT ± ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT. ø±e⁄q ˝ÀVü‰\ ø=‘·Ô>± ø√j·Tã&çq ø=qe∑{Ϻ±qT ñ+≥T+~. ˇø£ ˝ÀVü≤|ü⁄ ‘êfi¯+ #Ó$ rdüT≈£îì ∑\T>∑T‘·THêïyÓ÷ yê{Ïì yÓT‘·Ôì |ü

31 31 31 31 31 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ ø±e⁄. Ç$ ˙{Ï˝À ø£s¡>∑ì |ü

33 33 33 33 33 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ y˚dæq ø=ìï ‘˚HÓ #·Tø£ÿ\T. Çe˙ï @eTe⁄‘êsTT? ˙{Ï˝À ‘˚˝Ò eT]j·TT eTTì–b˛j˚T edüTÔe⁄\≈£î Á|ü‹

35 35 35 35 35 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ uÛ≤>∑+ >∑T+&Ü yÓ\T>∑T‘·Tqï ã\T“qT eTs¡\ |ü]o*+#·+&ç. ã\T“ Ç+‘·≈£îeTT+± ø£qã&É&Üìï >∑eTì+#êsê? ø±˙, q÷HÓ |üPdæq ø±–‘·+ >∑T+&Ü MTs¡T düŒwüº+>± #·÷&É>∑\sê? ∑\+ ø±˙ düŒwüº+>± #·÷&É˝ÒyÓ÷ yê{Ïì bÕøÏåø£ bÕs¡

37 37 37 37 37 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ eTq #·T≥÷º ñ+&˚ edüTÔe⁄\T $$

39 39 39 39 39 |ü± eØZø£]+#·T≥ (v) #·¬øÿs¡ ˙{Ï˝À ø£s¡>∑∑T uÛ≤>±ìøÏ #˚s¡T‘·T+~ (viii) yÓì>∑sY ˙{Ï˝À ø£s¡T>∑T‘·T+~ 5. ø=ìï edüTÔe⁄\ eT]j·TT |ü∑T+Á&Éì Äø±s¡eTT eT]j·TT Ç‘·s¡ Äø±sê\T >∑\$ (_) ‹q>∑*π>$ eT]j·TT ‹q˝Òì$ 6. MT≈£î ‘Ó*dæq edüTÔe⁄\ìï+{Ï˝À ˙{Ïô|’ ‘˚˝Ò yê{Ïì >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. n$ q÷HÓ eT]j·TT øÏs√dæHé ˝À ≈£L&Ü ‘˚\T‘êj·÷ |ü]o*+#·+&ç 7. ÁøÏ+~ yê{Ï˝À y˚s¡T>± ñqï ∑T]Ô+#·+&ç (m) ≈£îØÃ, eT+#·+, ã\¢, bÕ|ü, ø£uÀsY¶ (_) >∑T˝≤_, eT˝…¢, |ü&Ée, ã+‹ |ü⁄e⁄«, ø£eT\+ (dæ) n\÷´$Tìj·T+, ÇqTeTT, sê–, yÓ+&ç, ÇdüTø£ (&ç) #·¬øÿs¡, ñ|ü⁄Œ, ÇdüTø£, ø±|üsY dü˝ÒŒ¤{Ÿ ø=ìï dü÷∫+#·ã&çq ø£‘ê´\T 1. MTs¡T MT ùdïVæ≤‘·T\‘√ yÓTeTØ π>yéT Ä&ç ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. nH˚ø£ edüTÔe⁄\T fÒãT˝Ÿô|’ ñ+#·ã&É‘êsTT, yê{Ïì ø=ìï ì$TcÕ\T >∑eTì+#·eTì $TeTà*ï n&ÉT>∑T‘ês¡T, eTs=ø£ >∑~˝ÀøÏ yÓ[¢ MT≈£î >∑Ts¡TÔqï nìï edüTÔe⁄\ ù|s¡¢qT Áyêj·÷*. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT á Ä≥qT ø=~›>± _Ûqï+>± Ä&É+&ç! á yÓTeTØ π>yéTqT Ä&ÉT‘·Tqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT, Ä≥˝À bÕ˝§ZH˚ yês¡+∑+&ç #Óø£ÿ‘√ #˚dæq edüTÔe⁄\T ˝Ò

41 41 41 41 41 |ü

43 43 43 43 43 |ü

45 45 45 45 45 |ü

47 47 47 47 47 |ü

49 49 49 49 49 |ü∑Te≈£î eTTqT>∑T‘êsTT - _j·T´+ ˝Ò

51 51 51 51 51 |ü

53 53 53 53 53 |ü

55 55 55 55 55 |ü ;ø£sY ~>∑Teq #˚s¡T‘·T+=Hêïsê? ˇø£y˚fi¯ ne⁄qT nsTT‘˚, eTq+ rdüT≈£îqï ˙{Ï˝À Ç+ø± m≈£îÿe ñ|ü⁄Œ ø£s¡>∑

57 57 57 57 57 |ü |ü∑\

59 59 59 59 59 |ü

61 61 61 61 61 |ü

63 63 63 63 63 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ 4 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ Flower Shoot system Root system Fruit Bud Stem Leaf Node Internode Primary root Secondary root { ãj·T≥≈£î yÓ[¢ MT #·T≥Tº|üø£ÿ\ ñqï nìï yÓTTø£ÿ\qT |ü]o*+#·+&ç. MTs¡T ø=ìï yÓTTø£ÿ\T ∫qï$>±, ø=ìï #ê˝≤ ô|±, ø=ìï H˚\ô|’ πøe\+ |ü#·Ãì |ü∫Ãø£˝≤ ñ+&É≥+ #·÷XÊsê? ø=ìï+{ÏøÏ Ä≈£î|ü#·Ãì Ä≈£î\T ñ+fÒ eT]ø=ìï+{ÏøÏ ms¡T|ü⁄ s¡+>∑T Ä≈£î\T ñ+{≤sTT. ø=ìï+{Ï˝À mÁs¡{Ï ô|∑T ∫qTï |ü⁄e⁄«\T ñ+&É>± eT]ø=ìï+{Ï˝À ndü\T |ü⁄e⁄«˝Ò ñ+&Ée⁄. eTq #·T≥÷º ñqï Ç+&É¢ ∑Zs¡ bÕsƒ¡XÊ\ Ä≥düú\+˝À bÕsƒ¡XÊ\≈£î yÓfi‚¢ ∑T˝≤à\T, bı± #·÷&É+&ç. 1. MT ø£+fÒ #ê˝≤ ∫qï>± ñqï yÓTTø£ÿ\T. 2. düTe÷s¡T MT n+‘· |ü]e÷D+ >∑\ yÓTTø£ÿ\T. 3. MT ø£+fÒ #ê˝≤ bı&Ée⁄>± ñ+&˚ yÓTTø£ÿ\T. yê{Ï ø±+&Ü\qT ‘êøÏ n$ düTìï‘·+>± ˝Ò∑{Ϻ>± ñHêïj·÷ nì ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&ÜìøÏ ì± e+#·&ÜìøÏ Á|üj·T‹ï+#·+&ç. |ü≥+: 4.1 Á|üø£è‹ q&Éø£ |ü≥+: 4.2 yÓTTø£ÿ uÛ≤>±\T. |ü⁄wüŒ+ |òü\+ ø±+&É+ Ä≈£î ø£DT|ü⁄ ø£DT|ü⁄ q&ç$T yÓTT>∑Z ~«rj·T y˚s¡T ø±+&É e´edüú ÁbÕ

65 65 65 65 65 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ ø±+&É+ $]–b˛≈£î+&Ü C≤Á>∑‘·Ô eVæ≤+#·+&ç. m‘·ÔsTTq yÓTTø£ÿ\T m+‘· eT+± ñHêïjÓ÷ #·÷&É{≤ìøÏ yê{Ïì øö–*+#·Tø√+&ç. ø=ìï yÓTTø£ÿ\˝À ø=eTà\T mø£ÿ&É qT+&ç ô|s¡T>∑T‘êsTT H˚\≈£î düMT|ü+>±Hê ˝Ò∑+˝ÀHê nì eTq+ >∑eTì+#· e\dæq nedüs¡+ ñ+~. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT eTq+ |ü]o*+∫q yÓTTø£ÿ\ìï+{Ïì |ü{Ϻø£ 4.1˝À eØZø£]∑T˝≤à\T, bı

67 67 67 67 67 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ |ü#·Ãì, eT∑T˝≤à\T n+{≤s¡T. n$ kÕe÷q´+>± bı{Ϻ>± ñ+&ç m≈£îÿe XÊK\qT ø£*– ñ+&Éø£b˛e#·Tà (|ü≥+ 4.3(m)) ø=ìï yÓTTø£ÿ\˝À ø=eTà\T ø±+&É|ü⁄ n&ÉT>∑T uÛ≤>±q ô|s¡T>∑T‘êsTT. ø±+&É+ >∑{Ϻ>± ñ+≥T+~. ø±˙ m≈£îÿe eT+± ñ+&É∑{Ϻ eT+∑+˝À ø=eTà\T ñ+{≤sTT. Ç≥Te+{Ï yÓTTø£ÿ\qT eøå±\T n+{≤s¡T (|ü≥+ 4.3 (dæ)) ô|’ \ø£åD≤\ ı Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT MTs¡T yÓTTø£ÿ\qT eØZø£]+∫, |ü{Ϻø£ 4.1˝À Hê\T>∑e ì\Te⁄ es¡TdüqT |üP]Ô #˚j·T+&ç. ã\V”≤q ø±+&É+ ø£*– ì{≤s¡T>± ì\ã&É˝Òì H˚\ MT± #·÷düT≈£îH˚ ø=ìï yÓTTø£ÿ\T ñ+&Ée#·TÃ. MT Ç\T¢ ˝Ò∑T‘·Tqï @yÓ’Hê ¬s+&ÉT eøå±\T, >∑T˝≤à\T, eT˙ bÕ¢+{Ÿ, ∫≈£îÿ&ÉT yÓTTø£ÿ, kıs¡ C≤‹ yÓTTø£ÿ\T, Á∑\T e+{Ï yÓTTø£ÿ\T m˝≤+{Ï ø±+&É+ ø£*– ñ+{≤j·Tì |üùV≤* ÄX¯Ãs¡´b˛sTT+~. á yÓTTø£ÿ\˝À ø=ìï+{Ïì >∑eTì+#·+&ç. Ç$ >∑T˝≤à\T, bı±¢düT˝À eT÷&ç+≥ ˇø£ e+‘·T ˙{Ïì ì+|ü+&ç. ˙{Ï˝À ø=ìï ms¡T|ü⁄/˙\+ dæsê #·Tø£ÿ\qT ø£\|ü+&ç. ø±+&É|ü⁄ n&ÉT>∑T uÛ≤>±ìï ø£‹Ô]+∫ |ü≥+ 4.6 ˝À #·÷|æq $± >±E >±¢düT˝À ñ+#·+&ç. Á|üjÓ÷>±ìï |ü]o*+#·+&ç. ø±+&É+˝À s¡+>∑T ø£qã&ÉT ‘·T+∑T ô|’øÏ yÓfi¯¢&Üìï MTs¡T >∑eTìkÕÔs¡T. ∑T Ä≈£î\ áHÓ\˝À

69 69 69 69 69 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ ø£ì|ædüTÔ+~. Ä s¡+>∑T nø£ÿ&É≈£î m˝≤ #˚]+∑+qT $düÔ]+∫ #·÷ù| ∑eTì+∫ yê{Ïì MT H√≥T |ü⁄düÔø£+˝À ^j·T+&ç. M{Ï Ä≈£î\˙ï ˇπø |ü]e÷D+, Äø±s¡+, s¡+>∑T\˝À ñHêïj·÷? Ä≈£î\T ø±+&ÜìøÏ m˝≤ n‘·T≈£îã&É‘êsTT? ø±+&ÜìøÏ n+≥Tø=ì ñqï Ä≈£î uÛ≤>±ìï |üÁ‘·e+‘·+ n+{≤s¡T. yÓ&É˝…’Œq |ü#·Ã{Ï Ä≈£î uÛ≤>±ìï |üÁ‘·±\qT MTs¡T >∑T]Ô+#·>∑\sê? Ä≈£î\ìï{Ïø° |üÁ‘·eè+‘ê\T ñ+{≤j·÷? |ü≥+ 4.6 >±¢düT˝Àì s¡+>∑T˙fi¯fl˝À ñ+∫q ø±+&É+ |ü≥+ 4.8 |üÁ‘·+/Ä≈£î |üÁ‘·

71 71 71 71 71 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ C≤˝≤ø±s¡, düe÷+‘·s¡ áHÓ\ yê´|üHêìï ø£*–q ø=ìï yÓTTø£ÿ\ ù|s¡¢qT Áyêj·T+&ç. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT |üÁ‘·+ jÓTTø£ÿ ø=ìï $∑´ø£s¡yÓTÆq yÓTTø£ÿqT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·+&ç. Ä≈£î\T >∑\ yÓTTø£ÿ ø=eTàqT ˇø£ bÕ*B∏Hé dü+∫‘√ eT÷dæ

73 73 73 73 73 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT dü>∑uÛ≤>∑+ ˙{Ï‘√ ì+|æq ;ø£s¡T˝À |üØø£åHê[ø£qT ñ+#·+&ç. Ä≈£î˝Àì Ä≈£î|ü#·Ã s¡+>∑T n+‘ê |üØø£åHê[ø£˝Àì dæŒ]{Ÿ ˝ÀøÏ e#˚Ães¡≈£î y˚&ç #˚j·T+&ç. Ä≈£îì C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± yÓ\T|ü*øÏ rdæ. ˙{Ï‘√ X¯óÁuÛÑ|üs¡#·+&ç. ˇø£ yê#Y >±¢dt MT

75 75 75 75 75 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ (|ü≥+ 4.14(_)). yê{ÏøÏ Áø£eT+ ‘·|üŒ≈£î+&Ü ˙s¡T ô|≥º+&ç. ˇø£ yês¡+ ‘·s¡Tyê‘· yÓTTø£ÿ\qT >∑eTì+#·+&ç. ¬s+&ÉT yÓTTø£ÿ\T Äs√>∑´+>± ñHêïj·÷? ¬s+&ÉT yÓTTø£ÿ\≈£î Áø£eT+ ‘·|üŒ≈£î+&Ü ˙s¡T b˛düTÔHêï+ ø±˙, ˇø£{Ï y˚s¡T ˝Ò≈£î+&Ü ñ+~ ø£

77 77 77 77 77 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ |ü≥+ 4.17 ˝À #·÷|æq $± y˚s¡¢˝À Á|ü± yÓTTø£ÿ\ y˚s¡¢˝À Á|ü± $uÛÑõ+#·+&ç. düeT÷Vü≤+ (m) ˝À ‘·*¢ y˚s¡T >∑\ yÓTTø£ÿ\T, düeT÷Vü≤+ (_)˝À >∑TãTs¡T y˚s¡T >∑\ yÓTTø£ÿ\qT ñ+#·+&ç. düeT÷Vü≤+ (m) ˝À >∑\ yÓTTø£ÿ\ Ä≈£î\qT #·÷&É+&ç. n$ @ s¡ø£+ áHÓ\ yê´|üHêìï ø£*– ñHêïsTT. düeT÷Vü≤+ (_) ˝Àì yÓTTø£ÿ\˝À @ s¡ø£+ áHÓ\ yê´|üHêìï MTs¡T #·÷XÊs¡T? yÓTTø£ÿ\˝À Ä≈£î\ áHÓ\ yê´|üHêìøÏ, y˚s¡¢ s¡ø±ìøÏ ˇø£ |ü≥+ 4.17 (m) ‘·*¢ y˚s¡T (_) >∑TãTs¡T y˚s¡T¢ (m) (_) ã÷CÀ≈£î ˇø£ n

79 79 79 79 79 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ 4.5 |ü⁄wüŒ+ |ü≥+ 4.19 (m) (_) (dæ)˝À >∑T˝≤_ yÓTTø£ÿ eT÷&ÉT ø=eTà\qT MT≈£î #·÷|ü&ÉyÓTÆq~. yÓTTø£ÿqT >∑T]Ô+#·&ÜìøÏ yê{Ï˝À @~ MT≈£î ñ‘·ÔeT+>± düVü≤ø£]düTÔ+~.? (|ü≥+ 4.19 dæ)˝À |ü⁄cÕŒìøÏ MTs¡T @ s¡+>∑TqT ñ|üjÓ÷–kÕÔs¡T? nìï |ü⁄cÕŒ\T es¡íeTj·Te÷? >∑&ç¶, >√∑+ ∫qï Ä≈£î ˝≤+{Ï ìsêàD≤\‘√ #˚j·Tã&ç ñ+≥T+±\qT düŒwüº+>± #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ yê{Ï Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\T n+≥Tø=ì ñqï#√ yê{Ïì ø£‹Ô]+∫ y˚s¡T #˚j·T+&ç. ñ∑+{≤ø±s¡ |ü⁄cÕŒ\˝À ˝À|ü* uÛ≤>±\qT düŒwüº+>± #·÷&É{≤ìøÏ Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\qT bı&Ée⁄ yÓ+ã&ç ø£‹Ô]+∫ y˚s¡T #˚dæq#√, ˝À|ü* uÛ≤>±\qT düŒwüº+>± #·÷&Ée#·TÃ. |ü≥+ 4.20 yÓTT>∑Z, |ü⁄e⁄« s¡ø£åø£ |üÁ‘ê\T Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\T (m) (_) (dæ)

81 81 81 81 81 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ Ç‘·s¡ uÛ≤>±\qT #·÷&É&ÜìøÏ s¡ø£åø£ |üÁ‘ê\qT, Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\qT ‘=\–+#·+&ç. |ü≥+ 4.22 qT C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± |ü]o*+∫/n∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. |ü≥+ 4.23 qT C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± #·÷&É+&ç. n~ y˚πs«s¡T |ü⁄cÕŒ\˝À y˚πs«s¡T s¡ø±\ πødüsê\qT #·÷|ædüTÔ+~. MT |ü⁄wüŒ+˝À >∑\ πødüsê\˝Àì ¬s+&ÉT uÛ≤>±\qT >∑T]Ô+#·>∑\sê? MT |ü⁄wüŒ+˝À mìï πødüsê\T ñHêïsTT? ˇø£ πødüsêìï ^dæ, ±\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. |ü≥+ 4.21 >∑+{≤ø±s¡ |ü⁄wüŒ+ |ü≥+ 4.22 |ü⁄wüŒ+ jÓTTø£ÿ uÛ≤>±\T πødüsê\T n+&Éø√X¯+ |üsê>∑ø√X¯+ |ü⁄wüŒ+˝À nìï+{Ïø£Hêï ˝À|ü* uÛ≤>±ìï n+&Éø√X¯+ n+{≤s¡T. MTs¡T ± #·÷&É˝Òø£b˛‘˚, $T–*q πødüsê\qT ‘=\–+#·+&ç. |ü≥+ 4.24 düVü‰j·T+‘√ n+&Éø√X¯+ jÓTTø£ÿ uÛ≤>±\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. MT |ü⁄wüŒ+ jÓTTø£ÿ n+&Éø√X¯+ |ü{≤ìï #·ø£ÿ>± ^dæ ±\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. |ü≥+ 4.23 πødüs¡+ uÛ≤>±\T |üsê>∑ø√X¯+ πødüs¡±\T ø°˝≤Á>∑+ n+&ÜX¯j·T+ ø°\eTT ø£‘·´+ 11 Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT eTq+ n+&ÜX¯j·T+ jÓTTø£ÿ ìsêàD≤ìï n∑+. Bì ˝À|ü\ @eTT+∑T s¡ø£åø£ |üÁ‘ê\T ø£*dæ / y˚πs«s¡T>± ñHêïj·÷? Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\T ø£*dæ / y˚πs«s¡T>± ñHêïj·÷? πødüsê\T $&ç>±/˝Òø£ Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\≈£î ø£*dæ ñHêïj·÷? πødüs¡eTT ñ+~ / ˝Ò∑T˝≤_ #ê˝≤ 5 y˚πs«s¡T>± $&ç>± ñ+~ (s¡+>∑T?) (s¡+>∑T?)

83 83 83 83 83 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ |ü≥+ 4.25 (m), (_) \qT C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± #·÷&É+&ç. |ü≥+ 4.25 ˝À #·÷|æq≥T¢>± n+&ÜX¯j·TeTTqT ¬s+&ÉT $_Ûqï Ø‘·T\˝À ø£‹Ô]+#·+&ç. n$ m+&çb˛≈£î+&Ü ñ+&ÜìøÏ (_) |ü≥+ 4.25 n+&ÜX¯j·T+ #Û˚~+#·T≥ (m) ì\Te⁄ ø√‘· (_) n&ÉT¶ø√‘· (m) MTs¡T ø£‹Ô]+∫q n+&ÜX¯j·T+ ¬s+&ÉT eTTø£ÿ\ô|’ ˇø√ÿ #·Tø£ÿ ˙{Ïì y˚j·T+&ç. ˇø£ ø£≥ø±ìï ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ n+&ÜX¯j·T+ jÓTTø£ÿ ˝À|ü* uÛ≤>±\qT |ü]o*+#·+&ç. (|ü≥+ 4.26). n+&ÜX¯j·T+˝À ∫qï |üPdü\ e+{Ï ìsêàD≤\qT MTs¡T #·÷XÊsê? yê{Ïì n+&Ü\T n+{≤s¡T. MT H√≥T |ü⁄düÔø£+˝À n+&ÜX¯j·T+ jÓTTø£ÿ ˝À|ü\ uÛ≤>±\qT ^∫, uÛ≤>±\qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. MT πøåÁ‘· |üs¡´≥q˝À ‘√≥e÷*ì >±ì ˝Ò±ì n&ç– mìï M˝…’‘˚ nìï yÓTTø£ÿ\ ù|s¡¢qT ø£qTø√ÿ+&ç. MT≈£î ø±yê*‡q yê{Ïø£Hêï m≈£îÿe |ü⁄e⁄«\qT ‘Ó+|ü≈£L&É∑Ts¡TÔô|≥Tºø√+&ç. |ü{Ϻø£ 4.3 ˝À MTs¡T @$T ì+bÕs√ =Hêïsê? |ü⁄wüŒ+ jÓTTø£ÿ ìsêàD+ nìïkÕs¡T¢ ˇπø˝≤ ñ+&ɱ ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ï˝À ø=ìï uÛ≤>±\T ø=ìï dü+

85 85 85 85 85 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ m>∑u≤πø yÓTTø£ÿ\T |üÁ‘· eè+‘·eTT Á|üdüs¡D øÏs¡D»q´ dü+jÓ÷>∑ÁøÏj·T bÕπø yÓTTø£ÿ\T n+&Éø√X¯+ >∑TãTs¡T y˚s¡T¢ C≤˝≤ø±s¡ áHÓ\ yê´|üq+ >∑T˝≤à\T s¡ø£åø£ |üÁ‘·+ |üÁ‘· ±\≈£î düs¡|òüsê #˚düTÔ+~. |ü⁄wüŒ+˝À s¡ø£åø£ |üÁ‘ê\T, Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\T, πødüsê\T, n+&Éø√X¯+ nH˚ uÛ≤>±\T ñ+{≤sTT. ø°\ø£ |ü

87 87 87 87 87 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ 1. øÏ+~ yêø±´\qT dü]#˚dæ MT H√≥T |ü⁄düÔø£+˝À ‹]– sêj·T+&ç. (m) ø±+&É+ H˚\ qT+∫ ˙{Ïì, Kì» \eD≤\qT |”\TÃ≈£î+≥T+~. (_) |üÁ‘ê\T yÓTTø£ÿ\qT ì{≤s¡T>± ñ+&˚≥≥T¢ |ü{Ϻ ñ+#·T‘êsTT. (dæ) y˚s¡T¢ |üÁ‘ê\≈£î ˙{Ïì düs¡|òüsê #˚kÕÔsTT. (&ç) ˇø£ |ü⁄wüŒ+˝À Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\ dü+K´, πødüsê\ dü+K´ m\¢|ü⁄Œ&É÷ düe÷q+>± ñ+{≤sTT. (Ç) ˇø£ |ü⁄wüŒ+˝À s¡ø£åø£ |üÁ‘ê\T n˙ï ˇø£{Ï>± ø£*dæ ñ+fÒ n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\T ≈£L&Ü n˙ï ø£*dæ ñ+{≤sTT. (m|òt) ˇø£ |ü⁄wüŒ+˝À Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\T n˙ï ˇø£{Ï>± ø£*dæ ñ+fÒ, n|ü⁄Œ&ÉT n+&Éø√X¯+ Äø£s¡¸ø£ |üÁ‘ê\øÏ n‘·T≈£îÿì ñ+{≤sTT. 2. MTs¡T |ü{Ϻø£ 4.3 #·~yês¡T ø£± ñ+&ç ã\V”≤q ø±+&É+ >∑\ ˇø£ yÓTTø£ÿqT ø£qT>=q>∑\sê?

89 89 89 89 89 yÓTTø£ÿ\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ dü÷∫+#·ã&çq ÁbÕC…≈£îº |üqT\ eT]j·TT ø£‘ê´\T 1. |üÁ‘ê\ ì|ü⁄DT\T>± ne«+&ç? ø=ìï yêsê\bÕ≥T m≈£îÿe dü+K´ |üÁ‘ê\‘√ á ø£‘ê´ìï #˚j·T+&ç. MTs¡T n∑T&ɶ‘√ #·T{Ϻ, Ç+{ÏøÏ rdüT≈£î yÓfi¯fl+&ç. Ç|ü⁄Œ&ÉT Ä |üÁ‘ê\qT yêsêÔ|üÁ‹ø£ eT&É‘·\ eT

9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 X¯Øs¡ ø£

9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 X¯Øs¡ ø£∑\ nH˚ø£ ø£

9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 X¯Øs¡ ø£±\T ˇø£∑&É+ ˝Ò∑\>∑&É+ MTs¡T >∑eTì+#êsê? yÓ÷#˚sTT, uÛÑT»+ ˝Ò

9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 X¯Øs¡ ø£∑s¡|ü⁄ ø°\T˝À ˇø£ dü÷úbÕø±s¡ meTTø£ ˇø£ ñ+>∑s¡+ Äø±s¡+˝À ‹s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. eT&É‘·ã+± >∑eTì+#·+&ç. n$ ‘·\T|ü⁄qT eTT+

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 X¯Øs¡ ø£±Vü≤q edüTÔ+~. meTTø£ Äø±sê\qT u≤>± ‘Ó\TdüTø√e &ÜìøÏ e÷qe X¯Øs¡+ jÓTTø£ÿ mø˘‡πs ∫Á‘ê\qT #·÷&É&É+ ˇø£ e÷s¡Z+. MTs¡T ˝Ò±j·T|ü&çq|ü⁄&ÉT ˝Ò±j·÷\ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&ÜìøÏ yÓ’∑\ meTTø£\ dü+K´qT ø£qT>=q&ÜìøÏ Á|üj·T‹ï+#·+&ç. |ü⁄{Ϻq|ü⁄&ÉT e÷qe ndæú|ü+»s¡+ düTe÷s¡T 305 meTTø£\‘√ @s¡Œ&ÉT‘·T+~. ndæú|ü+»s¡+˝Àì meTTø£\ dü+K´ ej·TdüT‘√bÕ≥T e÷s¡T‘·T+~. j·TTø£Ôej·TdüT˝À ø=ìï meTTø£\T ˇø£

101 101 101 101 101 X¯Øs¡ ø£√&ÉqT e‹Ô ∑+˝À ¬s+&ÉT meTTø£\T e+>∑T≥qT MTs¡T >∑eTì+#êsê? M{Ïì uÛÑT»|ü⁄ f…eTTø£\T n+{≤s¡T (|ü≥+ 5.12). |ü≥+ 5.13ì C≤Á>∑‘·Ô>± >∑eTì+#·+&ç. á ìsêàD+ ø£{Ïe\j·T meTTø£\‘√ ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·Tã&ç+~. Ç~ MT bı≥º øÏ+~ uÛ≤>±ìï Äe]+∫ ñ+≥T+~. Ç~ ≈£Ls√Ãe&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. |ü≥+ 5.13 ÁXÀDÏ meTTø£\T nH˚ø£ meTTø£\T ø£*dæ @s¡Œ&çq ìsêàD≤y˚T |ü⁄Á¬s (|ü≥+ 5.14). Ç~ X¯Øs¡+˝Àì #ê˝≤ eTTK´uÛ≤>∑yÓTÆq yÓT∑‘·Ô>± |ü]o*+#·+&ç eT]j·TT MT #Ûê‹ meTTø£\‘√ dü]b˛\Ã+&ç. |üø£ÿf…eTTø£\T e+– ñ+&É&É+ eTq+ >∑eTìkÕÔ+. n$ #Ûê‹ meTTø£ eT]j·TT yÓHÓïeTTø£qT ø£*|æ ˇø£ |ü+»sêìï @s¡Œs¡TkÕÔsTT. BìH˚ ñs¡:|ü+»s¡+ n+{≤s¡T. #Ûê‹øÏ Çs¡TyÓ’|ü⁄˝≤ 12 |üø£ÿf…eTTø£\T ñHêïsTT. eTq X¯Øs¡+˝Àì ø=ìï eTTK´yÓTÆq n+‘·s¡Z‘· uÛ≤>±\T á |ü+»s¡+ ˝À|ü\ s¡øÏå+#·ã&ÉT‘·÷ ñ+{≤sTT. yÓ÷ø±*ì e+#·≈£î+&Ü #˚‘·T\‘√ yê] ø±*y˚fi¯flqT |ü≥Tºø√eTì ø=+‘·eT+~ ùdïVæ≤‘·T\qT n&É>∑+&ç. Ç|ü&ÉT MT ùdïVæ≤‘·Tì M|ü⁄ eT∑+˝À yÓT&É øÏ+

103 103 103 103 103 X¯Øs¡ ø£∑{Ϻ>± ñ+&Ée⁄ eT]j·TT e+– ñ+{≤sTT.M{Ïì eTè∑{Ϻ uÛ≤>±˝ÒeTsTTHê >∑eTì+#êsê (|ü≥+ 5.15)? Çø£ÿ&É meTTø£\T @M ø£qã&É˝Ò± >±˙, meTTø£˝≤ >∑{Ϻ>± >±˙ ˝Òì nqTuÛÑ÷‹ MT≈£î ø£*–+~ ø£

105 105 105 105 105 X¯Øs¡ ø£∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüTø=qT≥≈£î ø=ìï »+‘·Te⁄\ ø£

107 107 107 107 107 X¯Øs¡ ø£± ñqï u≤Vü≤´ ndæú|ü+»s¡+‘√ ø£|üŒã&ç ñ+≥T+~. á u≤Vü≤´ ndæú|ü+»s¡+ nH˚ø£ |òü\ø±\‘√ ø£*dæ @s¡Œ&ç ø£∑s¡&É+‘√bÕ≥T H˚\MT∑s¡&ÜìøÏ M\T>± e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+~ ñ+{≤sTT. yê{Ï meTTø£\T uÀ\T>± eT]j·TT ‘˚*ø£>± ñ+{≤sTT. yÓqTø£ »‘· ø±fi¯ófl q&Ée&ÜìøÏ, ø=eTà\ô|’ ì\ã&É{≤ìøÏ M\T>± e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+~ ñ+{≤sTT. |ü≥+ 5.21 |üøÏå ndæú|ü+»s¡+ eTT+± e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+~ ñ+{≤sTT. uÛÑT»|ü⁄f…eTTø£\T ã\+>± ñ+{≤sTT. ¬sø£ÿ\T ô|’øÏ eT]j·TT øÏ+∑s¡&ÜìøÏ ñ|üjÓ÷>∑|ü&˚ ø£+&Ésê\qT |ü{Ϻ ñ+#·&ÜìøÏ nqTe⁄>± #Ûê‹ meTTø£\T e÷s¡TŒ#Ó+~ ñ+{≤sTT. (|ü≥+ 5.21) #˚|ü ø£‘·´+ 8 ø±–‘·+‘√ ˇø£ |ü&Ée ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚j·T+&ç. ± ñqïyÓ’|ü⁄ |ü≥Tº≈£îì

109 109 109 109 109 X¯Øs¡ ø£∑Tq á±fi¯ófl ˙{Ï˝À düT\uÛÑ+>± ø£±/‹qï>± ø£

111 111 111 111 111 X¯Øs¡ ø£’{Ÿ Ä|òt j·÷ìeT˝Ÿ‡μ ˝À ‘·q≈£î ‘êH˚ á Á|üX¯ï\T n&ç>±&ÉT. y˚s¡T y˚s¡T »+‘·Te⁄\T y˚πs«s¡T X¯Øs¡ uÛ≤>±\qT m+±\T »+‘·Te⁄\≈£î ø£± nH˚~ ÁbÕNq uÛ≤s¡rj·T dü+Á|ü± ~H√‘·‡e+>± Á|üø£{Ï+∫+~. jÓ÷>± eTìwæì Äs√>∑´+>± ñ+#·T‘·T+~. Ç~ yÓHÓïeTTø£qT ì{≤s¡T>± ñ+#·&É+˝À düVü‰j·T|ü&ÉT‘·T+~. MTs¡T ì{≤s¡T>± ≈£Ls√Ãe&ÜìøÏ eT]j·TT e+– e⁄+&É≈£î+&Ü e⁄+&É&ÜìøÏ M\T ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~. jÓ÷>±˝Àì nH˚ø£ ÄdüHê\T MT ãs¡Te⁄qT ‘·–Z+#·T≥˝ÀqT, meTTø£\qT ã\+>± #˚j·T&É+˝À eT]j·TT ÄdæºjÓ÷ b˛s√dædt nH˚ meTTø£\ yê´~Ûì ± ñ+#·T‘·T+~. Ç~ >∑T+&ÓqT Äs√>∑´+>± ñ+#·T‘·T+~, eT]+‘· düeTs¡∆e+‘·+>± |üì#˚sTTdüTÔ+~. ø=ìï jÓ÷>± ÄdüHê\T •ø£åD bı+~q e´øÏÔ |üs¡´y˚ø£åD˝ÀH˚ #˚j·÷*. eTqTwüß\≈£î ¬s+&ÉT ø±fi¯ófl, Äe⁄\≈£î, π>∑T ø±fi¯ófl m+

113 113 113 113 113 X¯Øs¡ ø£

115 115 115 115 115 X¯Øs¡ ø£∑\± q&ÉTdüTÔ+~. |ü&Ée Äø±sêìï ø£*–ñ+≥T+~. 4. øÏ+~ yê{ÏøÏ düe÷± @$T? (_) |ü⁄Á¬s˝À ø£~˝Ò meTTø£ @~? (dæ) eTq+ yÓ÷#˚‹ì yÓqTø£≈£î eT&Ée˝ÒeTT m+∑\ nH˚ø£ ø£∑T]+∫ eTq+ #·]Ã+#ê+. X¯Øs¡+ jÓTTø£ÿ á ø£∑´ø£s¡yÓTÆq meTTø£\T, ø£+&Ésê\T, ø°fi¯ófl, eTè

117 117 117 117 117 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T 6 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T |üùV≤* eT]j·TT ã÷CÀ ôd\e⁄\˝À ‘·eT≈£î ÄdüøÏÔ>∑\ nH˚ø£ Á|ü∑+>±q~øÏ rdüTø=ì yÓ[fl+~. n‹ #·\¢>± e⁄+&˚ Væ≤e÷\j·T |üs¡«‘ê\qT yês¡T mø±ÿs¡T. yês¡T yÓTÆ

119 119 119 119 119 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T m$T{Ï? ne˙ï ˇπø˝≤ ñHêïj·÷? ø£‘·´+ 1 eTq+ ˇø£ n&É$‘√ ÁbÕs¡+_Û∑T]+∫ Ä˝À∫±qT e⁄+≥T+~. m&Ü] »+‘·Te⁄\T, yÓTTø£ÿ\T m&Ü] H˚\˝À J$dü÷Ô, |ü]düsê\˝Àì >±*ì |”\TkÕÔsTT. düeTTÁ∑eTìkÕÔ+, ne⁄Hê? m&Ü], düeTTÁ∑\ bı&ÉyÓ’q ø±fi¯ófl |ü{Ϻø£ 6.1 $$

121 121 121 121 121 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T yê{Ï X¯Øsê\qT ÇdüTø£ y˚&ç qT+&ç ± ñ+#·T≥≈£î düVü‰j·T|ü&É‘êsTT. (|ü≥+ 6.2). n$ #ê˝≤ ø=~› yÓTT‘·Ô+˝À eT÷Á‘· $düs¡®q #˚kÕÔsTT. yê{Ï ù|&É ($dü]®‘ê\T) bı&ç>± e⁄+≥T+~ eT]j·TT yê{ÏøÏ #ÓeT≥ |ü≥º∑\e⁄. $_Ûqï s¡ø±\ #˚|ü\qT eTq+ #·÷± J$+#·&ÜìøÏ ‘√&ÉŒ&˚ ì]›wüºyÓTÆq \ø£åD≤\T ˝Ò± e⁄+≥T+~. n+∑Vü≤+). Äyêdü+ J$øÏ ÄVü‰s¡+, ˙s¡T, >±*, edü‹, sTT‘·s¡ nedüsê\qT rs¡TdüTÔ+~. nH˚ø£ s¡ø±\ yÓTTø£ÿ\T, »+‘·Te⁄\T ˇπø Äyêdü+˝À J$kÕÔsTT. H˚\ô|’ J$+#˚ yÓTTø£ÿ\T, »+‘·Te⁄\qT uÛÖe÷´ yêdü+˝À J$düTÔHêïj·T+{≤s¡T. n&Ée⁄\T, >∑&ç¶ uÛÑ÷eTT\T, m&Üs¡T\T, rs¡, |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\T uÛÖe÷´yêkÕ\≈£î ø=ìï ñ

123 123 123 123 123 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T »+‘·Te⁄\ ÄyêkÕ\qT »˝≤yêkÕ\T n+{≤s¡T. düs¡düT‡\T, q∑T uÛ≤>±\T>± $uÛÑõ+#·+&ç. n+±ìï 3-4 s√E\ bÕ≥T |üP]Ô>± ˙{Ï˝À eTTìπ>˝≤ ñ+#·+&ç. m+&çq $‘·ÔHê\qT, ˙{Ï˝À eTTì–b˛sTTq $‘·ÔHê\qT ø£~*+#·ø£+&ç. Hêq u…{Ϻq $‘·ÔHê\˝À ˇø£ uÛ≤>±ìï yÓ\T‘·Ts¡T(m+&É) e#˚à >∑~˝À, Ç+ø√ uÛ≤>±ìï |üP]Ô>± Nø£{Ï>± e⁄+&ç ø±+‹ì @e÷Á‘·+ sêìe«ì n\eTs¡ e+{Ï ÁbÕ+‘·+˝À e⁄+#·+&ç. ∫e] uÛ≤>±ìï ]Á|òæõπs≥sY ˝Ò∑eTì+#ês¡T? ◊± >±ì ˝Ò±ì ø£qT>=Hêïsê? ìØ®e |òüT≥ø±˝…’q >±*, ˙s¡T, ø±+‹, ñwüí+ yÓTTø£ÿ\ ô|s¡T>∑T∑Væ≤+#êsê? ìC≤ìøÏ ìØ®e n+XÊ\T nìï Je⁄\≈£L eTTK´yÓTÆqy˚. #ê˝≤ #·\¢ì, #ê˝≤ y˚&ç yê‘êes¡D |ü]dæú‘·T\˝À ≈£L&Ü Je⁄\T eTqT>∑&É kÕ–kÕÔj·Tì ‘Ó\TdüT≈£îHêï+ ø£∑&É kÕ–+#·&ÜìøÏ ny˚+ #˚kÕÔsTT? Je⁄\T ‘·eT yê‘êes¡D |ü]dæú‘·T\≈£î düs¡T›u≤≥T #˚düTø=H˚ |ü± XÊ«dü rdüTø√e\dæq nedüs¡+ e⁄+≥T+~. ø=ìï s√E\ ‘·sê«‘·, eTq X¯Øs¡+ e÷]q m‘Ó’Ôq |üs¡«‘· |ü]dæú‘·T\≈£î düs¡T›u≤≥T #˚düT≈£î+≥T+~. |ü]düsê˝À¢ e#˚à e÷s¡TŒ\ e\¢ e#˚à ∫qï düeTdü´\ q~Û>∑$T+#·T≥≈£î, ˇø£ J$ X¯Øs¡+˝À dü«\Œ ø±\+˝À e#˚à ∫qï e÷s¡TŒ\qT yê‘êes¡D≤qT ≈£L\‘· nøÏ¢ eTf…ÆCÒwüHé n+{≤s¡T. á e÷s¡TŒ\T, y˚\ø=\~ dü+e‘·‡sê\ ø±\+˝À Je⁄\˝À @s¡Œ&ÉT nqT≈£L\Hê\ø£Hêï $_ÛqïyÓTÆq$.

125 125 125 125 125 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T nqT≈£L\q+ ø=~› ø±\+˝À dü+uÛÑ$+|ü∑{Ï |üP≥ e⁄+&˚ rÁeyÓTÆq y˚&çøÏ ± ñ+&É{≤ìøÏ, n$ ÇdüTø£˝À ˝À‘Ó’q u§]j·T\˝À ñ+{≤sTT (|ü≥+ 6.4). á »+‘·Te⁄\T sêÁ‹ #·\¢>± ñqï|ü⁄&ÉT e÷Á‘·y˚T ãj·T≥≈£î ekÕÔsTT. |ü≥+ 6.5 m&Üs¡T\˝À ô|]π> yÓTTø£ÿ\qT #·÷|ædüTÔ+~. á yÓTTø£ÿ\T m&Ü]øÏ m˝≤ nqT≈£L\q+ #Ó+∑T‘·Tqï ˇø£ ø±ø£ºdt yÓTTø£ÿqT, Ä≈£î\T >∑\ ˇø£ yÓTTø£ÿqT ‘·s¡>∑‹ >∑~øÏ rdüT≈£îs¡+&ç. n∑T‘·Tqï yÓTTø£ÿ\qT dü÷s¡´s¡•à˝À e~*, ø=ìï >∑+≥\ ‘·sê«‘· |ü]o*+#·+&ç. MTπs+ #·÷XÊs¡T? ¬s+&ÉT bÕ*B∏Hé dü+#·T\˝À #˚]q ˙{Ï |ü]e÷D+˝À @yÓTÆHê ‘˚&Ü e⁄+∑eTì+#êsê? m&Ü] yÓTTø£ÿ\T u≤c˛Œ‘˚‡ø£+ ±ì, ñ+fÒ n$ #ê˝≤ ∫qï$>±, ˝Ò± e⁄+{≤sTT. Ç~ u≤c˛Œ‘˚‡ø£+ ± ø£ì|æ+#˚ ìsêàD+, ìC≤ìøÏ, ∑ ÁøÏj·T kÕ± ø±+&É+ Á|ü‘˚´ø£yÓTÆq yÓTîø£ÿ\T

127 127 127 127 127 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T ø±ø£ºdt yÓTTø£ÿ\ ø£DC≤˝≤\˝À e⁄+&˚ ˙{Ïì ì*|æ e⁄+#·T≥≈£î, M{Ï ø±+&É+ ˇø£ ± yÓfi‚fl eT÷˝≤\qT (y˚s¡¢qT) ø£*– ñ+{≤sTT. |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\T á ÄyêkÕ\T kÕ± #ê˝≤ #·\¢>±, >±\T\‘√ e⁄+{≤sTT. ø=ìï ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À, o‘êø±\+˝À eT+#·T ≈£îs¡TdüTÔ+~. |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À nH˚ø£ s¡ø±\ yÓTTø£ÿ\T, »+‘·Te⁄\T ñ+{≤sTT. |ü≥+ 6.6 ˝À ø£ì|ædüTÔqï yÓTTø£ÿ\ s¡ø±\qT m|ü⁄Œ&Ó’Hê #·÷XÊsê? |üs¡«‘ê\ô|’ eTqT>∑&É kÕ–+#·T≥≈£î y˚πs s¡ø£yÓTÆq nqT≈£L\Hê\qT ø£*– e⁄+&Ée#·TÃ. |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À J$+#˚ »+‘·Te⁄\T ≈£L&Ü nø£ÿ&ÉTqï |ü]dæú‘·T\≈£î nqT≈£L\q+ #Ó+~ e⁄+{≤sTT (|ü≥+ 6.7) n$ #·* qT+&ç ‘·eTqT ø±bÕ&ÉTø=qT≥≈£î

129 129 129 129 129 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T Ç~, eT+#·Tô|’ n~ q&ç#˚≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT =Á¬s≈£î ã\yÓTÆq –≥º\T e⁄+{≤sTT. eTq+ |üs¡«‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À ô|’øÏ yÓfi‚flø=~›, nø£ÿ&ç |ü]düsê\T e÷s¡TŒ #Ó+~ e⁄+&ç, y˚πs«s¡T m‘·TÔ\˝À _ÛqïyÓTÆq nqT≈£L\Hê\T eTq≈£î ø£ì|ækÕÔsTT. >∑&ç¶ uÛÑ÷eTT\T dæ+Vü≤+ n&É$ ˝Ò∑&ç¶uÛÑ÷eTT\˝À ìedædüTÔ+~. n~ õ+ø£ e+{Ï »+‘·Te⁄\qT y˚{≤&ç #·+|ü>∑\ ã\yÓTÆq »+‘·Te⁄. Ç~ ˝Ò‘· >√∑T˝À e⁄+≥T+~. dæ+Vü≤+, õ+ø£qT |ü≥+˝À #·÷&É+&ç (|ü≥+ 6.8). á ¬s+&ÉT »+‘·Te⁄\≈£î eTTK+˝À ø£fi¯ófl m˝≤ neTs¡Ãã&ç e⁄HêïsTT? n$ eTTU≤ìøÏ eTT+∑&É≈£î @ $±HÓ’Hê düVü≤j·T|ü&É‘êj·÷? √∑T ‘·q uÛÑøÏå‘êìï (‹qã&˚ »+‘·Te⁄) y˚{≤&˚≥|ü⁄Œ&ÉT m+&çq >∑&ç¶ uÛÑ÷eTT\˝À ‘·qT ø£ì|æ+#·≈£î+&Ü e⁄+&ÉT≥≈£î düVü‰j·T |ü&ÉT‘·T+~. eTTU≤ìøÏ eTT+±Vü≤q ø£*ŒdüTÔ+~. n&Ée⁄\T ˝Ò∑&ç¶ uÛÑ÷eTT\˝À J$+#˚ eTs=ø£ »+‘·Te⁄ õ+ø£.

131 131 131 131 131 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T ‘·\ ô|’uÛ≤>±\˝À e⁄+&˚ Hê•ø± s¡+Á∑\e⁄. >±*ì |”\Ã&ÜìøÏ n$ m|üŒ{Ïø£|ü⁄Œ&ÉT ‘·\+ yÓ’|ü⁄≈£î edüTÔ+{≤sTT. MT¬s|ü⁄Œ&Ó’Hê &Ü*Œ¤qT¢ #˚ùd sT÷ ÄdüøÏÔø£s¡yÓTÆq |üìì ∑s¡JeHêìøÏ(düeTTÁ±ì #·÷XÊsê? #Ós¡Te⁄\T eT]j·TT düs¡düT‡\T #Ós¡Te⁄\T, düs¡düT‡\T, q∑&Üìï MTs¡T #·÷XÊsê? M˝…’‘˚, düMT|ü+˝À e⁄qï #Ós¡Te⁄≈£î πøåÁ‘· |üs¡´≥q≈£î yÓ[fl, nø£ÿ&É ø£ì|æ+#˚ yÓTTø£ÿ\ s¡ø±\qT |ü]o*+#·+&ç. Ä yÓTTø£ÿ\ jÓTTø£ÿ Ä≈£î\T, ø±+&Ü\T eT]j·TT y˚fi¯flqT |ü]o*+#·+&ç. n+∑Tq >∑\ eT{Ϻ˝À Hê≥T≈£î b˛sTT e⁄+{≤sTT. (|ü≥+ 6.9) uÛÖe÷´yêdü|ü⁄ yÓTTø£ÿ\˝À eT{Ϻ qT+&ç b˛wüø±\qT eT]j·TT ˙{Ïì XÀwæ+#·&É+˝À kÕ± y˚fi¯ófl Á|ü±, ‘˚*ø£>± e⁄+{≤sTT. ø±+&Ü\T ˙{Ï ñ|ü]‘·\+ es¡≈£î ô|s¡T>∑T‘êsTT. yê{Ï Ä≈£î\T, |ü⁄cÕŒ\T ˙{Ï ñ|ü]‘·\+ô|’ ‘˚\T‘·T+{≤sTT. ø=ìï ˙{Ï yÓTTø£ÿ\T ˙{Ï˝À eTTì– e⁄+{≤sTT. n≥Te+{Ï yÓTTø£ÿ\ uÛ≤>±\˙ï ˙{Ï ÁøÏ+∑ >∑\e⁄. ø=ìï ˙≥ eTTì–q yÓTTø£ÿ\˝À, Ä≈£î\T m≈£îÿe>± $uÛÑ»q #Ó+~ e⁄+&ç, yê{Ï>∑T+&Ü Ä≈£î\πøe÷Á‘·+ qwüº+ »s¡>∑≈£î+&Ü ‘˚*ø£>± ˙s¡T bÕs¡T‘·T+~. ø£|üŒ\T kÕ± #Ós¡Te⁄\˝À ìedækÕÔsTT. ø£|üŒ\T ˙{Ï˝Àq÷ ñ+&É>∑\e⁄ eT]j·TT H˚\ ô|’Hê ø£∑\e⁄. yê{Ï≈£îqï ã\yÓTÆq yÓqTø£ ø±fi¯ófl n$ ∑T]+∫ #·]Ã+#ê+. |ü≥+ 6.9 ø=ìï ˙{Ï yÓTTø£ÿ\T ˙{Ïô|’ ‘˚\T‘·T+{≤sTT. ø=ìï+{Ï y˚fi¯ófl ˙{Ï n&ÉT>∑Tq eT{Ϻ˝À Hê≥Tø=ì e⁄+{≤sTT. ø=ìï ˙{Ï yÓTTø£ÿ\T ˙{Ï˝À eTTì– e⁄+{≤sTT.

133 133 133 133 133 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T -ø£‘·´+ 1˝À eTq+ $_Ûqï |ü]düsê˝À¢ ø£ìŒ+#˚ edüTÔe⁄\T, yÓTTø£ÿ\T, »+‘·Te⁄\ C≤_‘ê ‘·j·÷s¡T#˚XÊ+. ˇø£ÿkÕ] eTq+ eTq C≤_‘ê˝À @$ düJe ñ± ñHêïjÓ÷ Ä˝À∫=&ÉT>∑T\T, Hê#·T e+{Ï$ n&É$˝À ñ+{≤sTT. M{Ï˝À @$ düJeyÓTÆq$? á düeTj·T+˝À MT #·T≥÷º ø£ìŒ+#˚ edüTÔe⁄\ >∑T]+∫ Ä˝À∫+∫ yê{Ïì düJeyÓTÆq$, ìØ®eyÓTÆq$ nì düeT÷Vü‰\T>± #˚j·T+&ç. ø=ìï+{Ï $wüj·T+˝À, ‘Ó\TdüTø√e&É+ eTq≈£î ‘˚*πø. ñ

135 135 135 135 135 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T Je⁄\ìï{Ïø° ÄVü‰s¡+ nedüs¡e÷? Ç+‘·≈£îeTT+± >±ì ô|s¡>∑T‘·T+~. (|ü≥+ 6.11). yÓTTø£ÿ\T ≈£L&Ü ô|s¡T>∑T‘êsTT. MT #·T≥÷º ˇø£ ìØí‘· s¡ø±ìøÏ #Ó+~q ø=~› yÓTTø£ÿ\qT #·÷&É+&ç. ø=ìï #ê˝≤ ∫qï$, ‘·≈£îÿe ej·TdüT‡ ø£*–q$, eT] ø=ìï ô|∑T∑T]ÔkÕÔs¡T. ô|s¡T>∑T± ø£ìŒdüTÔ+~. ìØ®e⁄\T ô|s¡T>∑T∑\e÷? eTq+ }|æ] |”*Ãq|ü⁄&ÉT, >±* yÓ\T|ü\ qT+&ç eTq X¯Øs¡+˝ÀìøÏ yÓfi¯óÔ+~. eTq+ ãj·T≥≈£î e±* eTq X¯Øs¡+ qT+&ç yÓ\T|ü\≈£î yÓ[flb˛‘·T+~. >±* |”\Ã&ÉeTH˚~ XÊ«düÁøÏj·T nH˚ Á|üÁøÏj·T˝À ˇø£ uÛ≤>∑+. XÊ«düÁøÏj·T˝À, eTq+ ˝À|ü\≈£î |”\TÃ≈£îqï >±*˝Àì ø=+‘· Äøχ»HéqT eTq X¯Øs¡+ ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·T≈£î+≥T+~. á Á|üÁøÏj·T˝À ñ‘·Œ‹Ô nj˚T´ ø±s¡“Hé &Ó’ Ĭø’‡&éqT eTq+ ãj·T≥≈£î $&ç∫ô|&É‘ê+. }|æ] |”\Ã&ÉeTH˚ Á|üÁøÏj·T e÷qe⁄\˝À e˝…H˚ Äe⁄\T, π>± ô|s¡>∑&É+

137 137 137 137 137 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T XÊ«düÁøÏj·T Je⁄\ìï+{Ïø° n‘ê´eX¯´ø£+. XÊ«düÁøÏj·T ∑\ dü÷ø£åà s¡+Á±*˝ÀìøÏ $&ç∫ô|&É‘êsTT. dü÷s¡´ø±+‹ düeTø£å+˝À, yÓTTø£ÿ\T ÄVü‰sêìï ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚j·TT≥≈£î ø±s¡“Hé &Ó’ Ĭø’‡&éqT ñ|üjÓ÷–+#·Tø=ì, Äøχ»HéqT $&ç∫ô|&É‘êsTT. yÓTTø£ÿ\T ‘êeTT ÄVü‰s¡eTTqT ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚düTø=H˚ Á|üÁøÏj·T˝À $&ÉT∑T‘·T+~. Je⁄\˙ï Á|ü#√∑T y˚dæq|ü⁄&ÉT, MT¬s˝≤ Á|ü‹düŒ+~kÕÔs¡T? MTøÏwüºyÓTÆq ÄVü‰sêìï #·÷dæHê ˝Òø£ Ä˝À∫+∫Hê MT¬s˝≤ nqTuÛÑ÷‹ #Ó+∑T‘·T+~! MT ø£fi¯ófl e÷]q Á|üø±X¯e+‘·yÓTÆq |ü]düsê\≈£î düs¡T›ø=H˚ es¡≈£î ˇø£ÿ ø£åD+ bÕ≥T yê≥+‘·≥ n$ eT÷düT≈£î b˛‘êsTT. MTøÏwüºyÓTÆq ÄVü‰s¡+, Á|üø±X¯e+‘·yÓTÆq ø±+‹, eTT\T¢ á nìï dü+

139 139 139 139 139 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T |ü≥+ 6.13(m) |ü≈£åî\T >∑T&ÉT¢ ô|{Ϻ bı~– |æ\¢\qT ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚kÕÔsTT (_) |üøÏå |æ\¢\T (m) (_) |ü≥+ 6.12 ø±+‹øÏ Á|ü‹düŒ+~+#˚ yÓTTø£ÿ |ü≥+ 6.14 |æ\¢\≈£î »qàì#˚à ø=ìï »+‘·Te⁄\T ‹]π> ~X¯qT >∑T]Ô+#·+&ç. Ç~ ≈£L&Ü @± e⁄+≥T+~. ø=ìï yÓTTø£ÿ\T ‘·eT≈£î qwüº+ ø£\T>∑≈£î+&Ü ‘·eT X¯Øs¡ uÛ≤>±˝À¢H˚ ‘·eT e´s¡ú ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\qT ì\« #˚düTø=H˚ $± @sêŒ≥T #˚düT≈£î+{≤sTT. ø=ìï yÓTTø£ÿ\T ‘·eT e´s¡ú ñ‘·Œ‘·TÔ\qT ÁkÕyê\ s¡÷|ü+˝À ‘=\–+#·Tø=+{≤sTT. $düs¡®q Je⁄\ìï{Ï˝À ø£ì|æ+#˚ eTs=ø£ kÕe÷q´ \ø£åD+. »+‘·Te⁄\T ‘·eT ˝≤+{Ï yêìì ñ‘·Œ‹Ô #˚kÕÔsTT. $_Ûqï »+‘·Te⁄\˝À, y˚πs«s¡T s¡ø±\ Á|ü‘·T´‘·Œ‹Ô |ü∑T&É¢ ∑T&É¢qT >∑÷fi¯fl˝À ô|&É‘êsTT. ø=ìï >∑T&ÉT¢ bı∑ã&ç, |üøÏå |æ\¢\T ãj·T≥≈£î ekÕÔsTT: (|ü≥+ 6.13)

141 141 141 141 141 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T Je⁄\T Á|ü‘·T´‘·Œ‹Ô ± »s¡T>∑T‘·T+~. Je⁄\˙ï #·*kÕÔj·÷? n± yÓTT\¬ø‘·TÔ≥. yÓTT\¬ø‹Ô, ø=‘·Ô yÓTTø£ÿ\T>± ô|s¡>∑>∑\e⁄ (|ü≥+ 6.15). ø=ìï yÓTTø£ÿ\T $‘·ÔHê\ ±\ ∑\e⁄. ñ∑Z‘√ ≈£L&çq ã+>±fi≤∑+ ø=‘·Ô yÓTTø£ÿ>± ô|s¡T>∑T‘·T+~ (|ü≥+ 6.16). |ü≥+ 6.16 ã+>±fi≤∑Z qT+&ç ø=‘·Ô yÓTTø£ÿ ô|s¡T>∑T≥ yÓTTø£ÿ\T #Û˚

143 143 143 143 143 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T Je⁄\˙ï ø=ìï ñeTà&ç \ø£åD≤\T ø£*– e⁄Hêïj·Tì eTq+ #·÷XÊ+. yê≥ìï{Ïø° ÄVü‰s¡+ ø±yê*, XÊ«düÁøÏj·T »s¡T|ü⁄‘êsTT, Á|ü#√∑\e÷? ø±s¡T¢, ôd’øÏfi¯ófl, >∑&çj·÷sê\T eT]j·TT q∑\e÷? ìØ®e⁄\˝À nìï \ø£åD≤\qT ø±≈£î+&Ü ø=ìï \ø£åD≤\qT e÷Á‘·y˚T eTq+ #·÷&É>∑\e÷? Bìì eT]+‘· #·ø£ÿ>± ns¡ú+ #˚düTø√e&ÜìøÏ, ˇø£ $•wüº yÓTÆq ñ

145 145 145 145 145 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T 1. Äyêdü+ n+fÒ @$T{Ï? 2. eTTfi¯fl yÓTTø£ÿ\T m&Ü]˝À eTqT>∑&É kÕ–+#·&ÜìøÏ m˝≤ nqT≈£L\q+ #Ó+=&ÉT>∑T, ≈£î≥Tº j·T+Á‘·+, πs&çjÓ÷, |ü&Ée, >∑TÁs¡|ü⁄&Óø£ÿ, yêqbÕeTT 5. düJe⁄\≈£î #Ó+~q @yÓ’Hê ¬s+&ÉT \ø£åD≤\qT #·÷ù| ìØ®$øÏ ˇø£ ñ± e⁄qï$ @$? yÓqï, ‘√\T, eT‹Ôø£, ñìï, $∑&ç¶ uÛÑ÷eTT\˝À eTqT>∑&É kÕ–+#·T≥≈£î nø£ÿ&É J$+#·T »+‘·Te⁄\≈£î y˚>∑+ m+∑&ç¶ uÛÑ÷eTT\˝À ± #Ó≥T¢ ˝Ò± $uÛÑõkÕÔs¡T. $_Ûqï ÄyêkÕ\˝À $$± @s¡Œ&ÉT‘êsTT. sêfi¯ófl, eT{Ϻ, >±*, ˙s¡T, ø±+‹ eT]j·TT ñc˛íÁ>∑‘· nqTq$ eTq |ü]düsê\≈£î #Ó+~q ø=ìï ìØ®e n+XÊ\T. qJe⁄\T ø=ìï ì]›wüº \ø£åD≤\qT ø£*– e⁄+{≤sTT - yê{ÏøÏ ÄVü‰s¡+ ø±yê*, n$ XÊ«dækÕÔsTT eT]j·TT $dü]®kÕÔsTT, yê{Ï |ü]düsê\≈£î düŒ+~kÕÔsTT, |ü⁄qs¡T‘·Œ‹Ô #˚kÕÔsTT, ô|s¡T>∑T‘êsTT eT]j·TT #·\Hê\qT #·÷|ü⁄‘êsTT. kÕsê+X¯+ nuÛ≤´kÕ\T

147 147 147 147 147 düJe⁄\T \ø£åD≤\T eT]j·TT ÄyêkÕ\T dü÷∫+|üã&çq ÁbÕC…≈£îº¢ eT]j·TT ø£‘ê´\T 1. #ê˝≤ |üÁ‹ø£\T eT]j·TT yêsêÔ |üÁ‹ø£\T, uÛÑ÷$TøÏ Äe\ Je+ e⁄+&É&ÜìøÏ >∑\ neø±XÊ\qT >∑÷]à #ÓãT‘êsTT. á ø£∑÷]à ¬s+&˚dæ |ü∑Te uÛ≤>∑+˝À @j˚T »+‘·Te⁄\T ìedædüTÔHêïjÓ÷ ø£qT>=q+&ç. ˇø£ e´øÏÔ Væ≤e÷\j·T |üs¡«‘ê\ ñqï‘· ÁbÕ+‘ê\≈£î yÓfi¯óÔqï|ü⁄Œ&ÉT, nø£ÿ&É e⁄qï »+‘·Te⁄\T eT]j·TT eèøå±\ s¡ø±\T eT]j·TT $_Ûqï‘·\T m˝≤ e÷s¡T‘·THêïjÓ÷ ø£qT>=q+&ç. 5. ÄyêkÕ\ >∑T]+∫ ˇø£ Ä\“yéT ‘·j·÷s¡T #˚j·T+&ç. ø£‘·´+ 1˝À s¡÷bı+~+∫q C≤_‘ê˝À¢ >∑\ »+‘·Te⁄\T eT]j·TT yÓTTø£ÿ\ ∫Á‘ê\qT ùdø£]+#˚ Á|üj·T‘·ï+ #˚dæ, M{Ïì Ä\“yéT˝À y˚πs«s¡T ÄyêkÕ\ ÁøÏ+

Learning Outcomes in Science — Upper Primary Stage 149 • constructs models using materials from surroundings and explains their working, e.g., pinhole camera, periscope, electric torch, etc. • applies learning of scientific concepts in day-to-day life,e.g., selecting food items for a balanced diet; separating materials; selecting season appropriate fabrics; using compass needle for finding directions; suggesting ways to cope with heavy rain/ drought, etc. • makes efforts to protect environment, e.g., minimising wastage of food, water, electricity and generation of waste; spreading awareness to adopt rain water harvesting; care for plants, etc. • exhibits creativity in designing, planning, making use of available resources, etc. • exhibits values of honesty, objectivity, cooperation, freedom from fear and prejudices. Learning Outcomes Part 1 Folder.indd 89 13-04-2017 16:34:33

NOTES NOTES NOTES NOTES NOTES